Час информации «Знай свои права» — в рамках Дня защиты прав потребителей

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Сегодня во всем мире отмечается День защиты прав потребителя. Потребители – это все мы с вами. Мы пользуемся общественным транспортом, услугами ЖКХ, ходим в магазины и развлекательные центры, учимся и путешествуем — потребляем ежедневно, даже когда спим. Суть праздника в том, чтобы рассказать людям об их правах в сфере потребления, а это огромные объёмы информации! Масштаб всемирности этого праздника говорит о той значимости, которая придаётся защите прав потребителей во всех странах, ведь добросовестное поведение лиц, осуществляющих предпринимательскую деятельность, и соблюдение прав потребителей, способствует развитию благоприятных экономических правоотношений в частности, государства и общества в целом.

В этот день организаторы устраивают различные акции, семинары и открытые конференции.  Уже традиционно 15 марта по стране работают горячие линии. Каждый желающий может по телефону получить подробное разъяснение своих прав как потребителя той или иной услуги. В СМИ публикуются познавательные статьи, в которых рассказывается, как правильно вернуть деньги за товар ненадлежащего качества, куда обращаться в случае спорных моментов, каков порядок судебных разбирательств и т.д.

Всемирный день защиты прав потребителей принято отмечать в день выступления президента США в Конгрессе, в котором были сформулированы четыре основных права потребителя: право на безопасность, право на информацию, право на выбор, право быть услышанным. Позднее к ним добавились ещё четыре: право на возмещение ущерба, право на потребительское образование, право на удовлетворение базовых потребностей, право на здоровую окружающую среду.

15 марта 1983 года, когда Генеральной Ассамблеей ООН был принят документ, названный «Руководящие принципы Организации Объединенных Наций по защите прав потребителей», а этот день был закреплён в международном календаре праздничных дат как Всемирный день защиты прав потребителей.

Необходимость принятия в России специального закона, направленного на защиту интересов всего населения, была вызвана тем, что действовавшее ранее законодательство основывалось на приоритете интересов изготовителя, продавца (исполнителя), являвшихся государственными организациями. Немногочисленные законодательные нормы, которые имелись в области охраны прав и интересов потребителя, были заблокированы ведомственными нормативными актами и просто ставили потребителя в фактическую зависимость от воли продавца (исполнителя, изготовителя), о равноправии сторон приходилось говорить только формально.

Первой попыткой создания специального законодательства была разработка осенью 1988 года Закона СССР «О качестве продукции и защите прав потребителей». Большая часть этого законопроекта была посвящена проблемам качества товаров и услуг, и лишь один раздел содержал нормы, направленные на защиту интересов потребителей.  Впервые признавалась необходимость принятия специальных норм законодательства, устанавливающих гарантии государственной защиты интересов потребителей. Проект широко обсуждался, но был отвергнут. Поворотным моментом в создании потребительского законодательства стало принятие 22 мая 1991 года Закона СССР «О защите прав потребителей». В связи с распадом СССР он так и не вступил в силу.  Закон «О защите прав потребителей» впервые в России был принят 7 февраля 1992 года и вступил в силу 7 апреля того же года.

В России День защиты прав потребителей получил признание после принятия Закона «О защите прав потребителей». В Законе регулируются отношения между потребителями и изготовителями, импортерами, исполнителями, продавцами при продаже товаров (выполнении работ, оказании услуг), устанавливаются права потребителей на приобретение товаров (работ, услуг) надлежащего качества и безопасных для жизни, здоровья, имущества потребителей и окружающей среды, получение информации о товарах (работах, услугах) и об их изготовителях (исполнителях, продавцах), просвещение, государственную и общественную защиту их интересов, а также определяется механизм реализации этих прав.

Реализацию прав и законных интересов потребителей в России призвана обеспечить система органов и организаций, основными из которых являются:

— уполномоченный федеральный орган исполнительной власти — Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека (Роспотребнадзор);

— союз потребителей Российской Федерации (СПРФ), созданный в декабре 1990 года. В настоящее время СПРФ объединяет свыше 100 республиканских, краевых, областных, городских и районных общественных объединений.

За эти годы более миллиона обратившихся в СПРФ граждан, чьи потребительские права были нарушены, получили квалифицированную юридическую помощь. Применение законодательства о защите прав потребителей показало его действенность, которое во многом основано на международных принципах защиты прав потребителей.  

Что нужно знать потребителю, чтобы правильно действовать в случае нарушения его прав?

Правило 1.  Закон обязывает продавца, изготовителя и исполнителя предоставлять потребителю полную и достоверную информацию. Если какие-то существенные для вас товар или услуга, а также те, кто их предлагает, вам не знакомы, то соберите о важном для вас товаре или услуге как можно больше информации из различных источников: специальных журналов, Интернета, посоветуйтесь с профессионалами, внимательно изучите сопроводительную документацию (технический паспорт, инструкцию по эксплуатации), сведения на этикетке. Помните, что эта информация должна быть обязательно на русском языке.

Не делайте необдуманного выбора, не покупайте первое, что вам попалось на глаза. На рынке достаточно большая конкуренция, и у вас есть возможность сравнить цены на товары и услуги, оценить предлагаемый уровень потребительских свойств и функций, выбрать более надежную фирму. Никогда не покупайте товар, срок реализации (срок годности) которого истек, даже если его вам предлагают по сниженной цене. Это прямое нарушение Закона продавцом.

Правило 2. Вам обязаны выдать документ, подтверждающий факт покупки или оказания услуги. Это кассовый чек или квитанция, билет или договор. Всегда их берите и сразу никогда не выбрасывайте. В документах должен быть указан срок гарантии, отмечена дата продажи. Обязательно посмотрите на оформление документа: наличие в нем информации о названии фирмы (предприятия), её адрес, печать, подписи, убедитесь в том, что название магазина, где вы совершаете покупку, соответствует названию в заполненных и передаваемых вам документах. Если позже с приобретенным вами товаром возникнут неприятности, наличие этих документов (хотя по Закону их отсутствие не является основанием для отказа вам в законной претензии) поможет без лишних проблем возместить стоимость товара или обменять его на другой.

Правило 3. В случае возникновения конфликта, есть определённая последовательность действий, которой следует придерживаться. Важно грамотно, со знанием своих законных прав вести разговор с представителями фирмы и, прежде всего, правильно оформить претензию, в которой должны быть четко изложены суть дела и ваши требования. Претензию обязательно надо подать в письменном виде и потребовать от представителя продавца сделать отметку о приеме на втором экземпляре, который останется у вас. Если вам откажут в этом, то претензию надо будет направить продавцу заказным письмом с уведомлением о вручении. Не забывайте, что ваша опора — это Закон «О защите прав потребителей», а также конкретизирующие и дополняющие его правила торгового, бытового и иных видов обслуживания потребителей.

Правило 4.  Надежным помощником при составлении претензии могут стать государственные или общественные органы по защите потребительских прав. В администрациях многих городов, районов, областей есть специальные работники, которые по долгу службы обязаны защищать права потребителей.

Потребительский рынок представляет собой широкий спектр предприятий и организаций, где граждане приобретают товары и услуги для личных бытовых нужд и законодательство о защите прав потребителей действует не только применительно к торговле продовольственными товарами и услугам общественного питания, но и к другим сферам, включая ЖКХ, платные медицинские, транспортные, гостиничные, почтовые, банковские, туристические, ритуальные услуги, образование, культура, бытовое обслуживание, услуги связи, автостоянок, долевое строительство жилья и т.д.

Всемирный день защиты прав потребителя ежегодно проходит под определённым девизом.  Новый год — новая тема. Девиз Всемирного дня потребителей в 2022 году — «Справедливые цифровые финансовые услуги». Использование цифровых технологий и интернета позволило финансовым организациям ускорить и упростить доступ к своим услугам.  Быстро развивающийся и сложный характер цифровых финансовых услуг демонстрирует потребность в инновационных подходах к регулированию, а также в цифровых финансовых услугах и продуктах, в основе которых лежит защита и расширение прав и возможностей потребителей.

Этот день является напоминанием нам, потребителям о наших правах, с помощью которых государство охраняет наши интересы. Тот, кто освоит основы потребительских знаний и будет их применять на практике, станет защитником не только себя, но прав и интересов множества других граждан.

Помните! Грамотный потребитель это – тот, кто:

— всегда честен с собой и окружающими и соблюдает законы;

— разумно распоряжается имеющимися средствами;

— всегда читает инструкцию и следует ей;

— сохраняет товарные, кассовые чеки, гарантийные талоны и квитанции;- предъявляет только обоснованные претензии и доводит начатое дело до конца.

Спасибо за внимание! Подготовила Дмитренко С.Н.

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